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Dictionary of Phrase and Fable

E. Cobham Brewer From The Edition Of 1894

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This letter is modified from the Hebrew (aleph = an ox), which was meant to indicate the outline of an ox's head.

A

among the Egyptians is denoted by the hieroglyphic which represents the ibis. Among the Greeks it was the symbol of a bad augury in the sacrifices.

A

in logic is the symbol of a universal affirmative. A asserts, E denies. Thus, syllogisms in bArbArA contain three universal affirmative propositions.

A1

means first—rate — the very best. In Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping, the character of the ship's hull is designated by letters, and that of the anchors, cables, and stores by figures. A1 means hull first—rate, and also anchors, cables, and stores; A2, hull first—rate, but furniture second—rate. Vessels of an inferior character are classified under the letters Æ, E, and I.

“She is a prime girl, she is; she is A1.”— Sam Slick.

A.B

(See Able.)

A.B.C

= Aerated Bread Company.

A B C Book

A primer, a book in which articles are set in alphabetical order, as the A B C Railway Guide. The old Primers contained the Catechism, as is evident from the lines: —

“That is question now;

And then comes answer like an Absey book.” Shakespeare: King John, i, 1.

A.B.C. Process

(The) of making artificial manure. An acrostic of Alum, Blood, Clay, the three chief ingredients.

A.E.I.O.U

The device adopted by Frederick V, Archduke of Austria (the Emperor Frederick III. — 1440——1493).

Austria Est Imperare Orbi Universo.

Alles Erdreich Ist Oesterreich Unterthan.

Austria's Empire Is Overall Universal.

To which wags added after the war of 1866,

Austria's Emperor Is Ousted Utterly.

Frederick II of Prussia is said to have translated the motto thus: —

“Austria Erit In Orbe Ultima” (Austria will one day be lowest in the world).

A.U.C

Anno urbis conditæ (Latin), “from the foundation of the city" — i.e., Rome.

Aaron

An Aaron's serpent. Something so powerful as to swallow up minor powers. — Exodus vii. 10——12.

Ab

Ab ovo. From the very beginning. Stasinos, in the epic poem called the Little Iliad, does not rush in medias res, but begins with the eggs of Leda, from one of which Helen was born. If Leda had not laid this egg, Helen would never have been born. If Helen had not been born, Paris could not have eloped with her. If Paris had not eloped with Helen, there would have been no Trojan War, etc.

Ab ovo usque ad mala.

From the first dish to the last. A Roman coena (dinner) consisted of three parts. The first course was the appetiser, and consisted chiefly of eggs, with stimulants; the second was the “dinner proper;” and the third the dessert, at which mala (i.e., all sorts of apples, pears, quinces, pomegranates, and so on) formed the most conspicuous part. — Hor. Sat. I. iii. 5.

Aback

I was taken aback — I was greatly astonished — taken by surprise — startled. It is a sea term. A ship is “taken aback” when the sails are suddenly carried by the wind back against the mast, instantly staying the ship's progress — very dangerous in a strong gale.

Abacus

A small frame with wires stretched across it. Each wire contains ten movable balls, which can be shifted backwards or forwards, so as to vary ad libitum the number in two or more blocks. It is used to teach children addition and subtraction. The ancient Greeks and Romans employed it for calculations, and so do the Chinese. The word is derived from the Phoen. abak (dust); the Orientals used tables covered with dust for ciphering and diagrams. In Turkish schools this method is still used for teaching writing. The multiplication table invented by Pythagoras is called Abacus Pythagoricus. (Latin, abacus)

Abaddon

The angel of the bottomless pit (Rev. ix. 11). The Hebrew abad means “he perished.”

“The angell of the bottomlesse pytt, whose name in the hebrew tonge is Abadon.” — Tindale.

Abambou

The evil spirit of the Camma tribes in Africa. A fire is kept always burning in his house. He is supposed to have the power of causing sickness and death.

Abandon

means put at anyone's orders; hence, to give up. (Latin, ad, to; bann—um, late Latin for “a decree.”)

Abandon fait larron

As opportunity makes the thief, the person who neglects to take proper care of his goods, leads into temptation, hence the proverb, “Neglect leads to theft.”

Abaris

The dart of Abaris. Abaris, the Scythian, was a priest of Apollo; and the god gave him a golden arrow on which to ride through the air. This dart rendered him invisible; it also cured diseases, and gave oracles. Abaris gave it to Pythagoras.

“The dart of Abaris carried the philosopher wheresoever he desired it.” — Willmott.

Abate

(2 syl.) means properly to knock down. (French, abattre, whence a battue, i.e., wholesale destruction of game; O.E. a beátan.)

Abate, in horsemanship, is to perform well the downward motion. A horse is said to abate when, working upon curvets, he puts or beats down both his hind legs to the ground at once, and keeps exact time.

Abatement in heraldry, is a mark of dishonour annexed to coat armour, whereby the honour of it is abated.

Abaton

As inacessible as Abaton. Artemisia, to commemorate her conquest of Rhodes, erected two statues in the island, one representing herself, and the other emblematical of Rhodes. When the Rhodians recovered their liberty they looked upon this monument as a kind of palladium, and to prevent its destruction surrounded it with a fortified enclosure which they called Abaton, or the inaccessible place. (Lucan speaks of an island difficult of access in the fens of Memphis, called Abaton.)

Abbassides

(3 syl.). A dynasty of caliphs who reigned from 750——1258. The name is derived from Abbas, uncle of Mahomet. The most celebrated of them was Haroun—al—Raschid (born 765, reigned 786——808).

Abbey Laird

(An). An insolvent debtor sheltered by the precincts of Holyrood Abbey.

“As diligence cannot be proceeded with on Sunday, the Abbey Lairds (as they were jocularly called) were enabled to come forth on that day to mingle in our society.” — R. Chambers.

Abbey—lubber

(An). An idle, well—fed dependent or loafer.

“It came into a common proverbe to call him an Abbay—lubber, that was idle, wel fed, a long, lewd, lither loiterer, that might worke and would not.” — The Burnynge of Paules Church, 1563.

It is used also of religions in contempt; see Dryden's Spanish Friar.

Abbot of Misrule

or Lord of Misrule. A person who used to superintend the Christmas diversions. In France the “Abbot of Misrule” was called L'abbé de Liesse (jollity). In Scotland the master of revels was called the “Master of Unreason.”

Abbotsford

A name given by Sir Walter Scott to Clarty Hole, on the south bank of the Tweed, after it became his residence. Sir Walter devised the name from a fancy he loved to indulge in, that the abbots of Melrose Abbey, in ancient times, passed over the fords of the Tweed.

abd

in Arabic = slave or servant, as Abd—Allah (servant of God ), Abd—el—Kader (servant of the Mighty One), Abdul—Latif (servant of the Gracious One), etc.

Abdael

(2 syl.). George Monk, third Duke of Albemarle.

“Brave Abdael o'r the prophets' school was placed;

Abdael, with all his father's virtues graced ...;

Without one Hebrew's blood, restored the crown.” Dryden and Tait: Absalom and Achitopel, Part ii.

Tate's blunder for Abdiel (q.v.).

Abdallah

the father of Mahomet, was so beautiful, that when he married Amina, 200 virgins broke their hearts from disappointed love. — Washington Irving: Life of Mahomet.

Abdallah

Brother and predecessor of Giaffir, pacha of Abydos. He was murdered by Giaffir (2 syl.). — Byron: Bride of Abydos.

Abdals

Persian fanatics, who think it a merit to kill anyone of a different religion; and if slain in the attempt, are accounted martyrs.

Abdera

A maritime town of Thrace, said in fable to have been founded by Abdera, sister of Diomede. It was so overrun with rats that it was abandoned, and the Abderitans migrated to Macedonia.

Abderitan

A native of Abdera, a maritime city of Thrace. The Abderitans were proverbial for stupidity, hence the phrase, “You have no more mind than an Abderite.” Yet the city gave birth to some of the wisest men of Greece: as Democritos (the laughing philosopher), Protagoras (the great sophist), Anaxarchos (the philosopher and friend of Alexander), Hecatæos (the historian), etc.

Abderitan Laughter

Scoffing laughter, incessant laughter. So called from Abdera, the birthplace of Democritos, the laughing philosopher.

Abderite

(3 syl.) A scoffer, so called from Democritos.

Abderus

One of Herakles's friends, devoured by the horses of Diomede. Diomede gave him his horses to hold, and they devoured him.

Abdiel

The faithful seraph who withstood Satan when he urged the angels to revolt. (See Paradise Lost, Bk.

v., lines 896, etc.)

“[He] adheres, with the faith of Abdiel, to the ancient form of adoration.” — Sir W. Scott.

Abecedarian One who teaches or is learning his A B C.

Abecedarian hymns.

Hymns which began with the letter A, and each verse or clause following took up the letters of the alphabet in regular succession. (See Acrostic.)

Abel and Cain

The Mahometan tradition of the death of Abel is this: Cain was born with a twin sister who was named Aclima, and Abel with a twin sister named Jumella. Adam wished Cain to marry Abel's twin sister, and Abel to marry Cain's. Cain would not consent to this arrangement, and Adam proposed to refer the question to God by means of a sacrifice. God rejected Cain's sacrifice to signify his disapproval of his marriage with Aclima, his twin sister, and Cain slew his brother in a fit of jealousy.

Abel Keene

A village schoolmaster, afterwards a merchant's clerk. He was led astray, lost his place, and hanged himself. — Crabbe: Borough, Letter xxi.

Abelites

(3 syl.) Abelians, or Abelonians. A Christian sect of the fourth century, chiefly found in Hippo (N. Africa). They married, but lived in continence, as they affirm Abel did. The sect was maintained by adopting the children of others. No children of Abel being mentioned in Scripture, the Abelites assume that he had none.

Abessa

The impersonation of Abbeys and Convents, represented by Spenser as a damsel. When Una asked if she had seen the Red Cross Knight, Abessa, frightened at the lion, ran to the cottage of blind Superstition, and shut the door. Una arrived, and the lion burst the door open. The meaning is, that at the Reformation, when Truth came, the abbeys and convents got alarmed, and would not let Truth enter, but England (the lion) broke down the door. — Faërie Queen, i. 3.

Abesta

A book said to have been written by Abraham as a commentary on the Zend and the Pazend. It is furthermore said that Abraham read these three books in the midst of the furnace into which he was cast by Nimrod. — Persian Mythology.

Abeyance

really means something gaped after (French, bayer, to gape). The allusion is to men standing with their mouths open, in expectation of some sight about to appear.

Abhigit

The propitiatory sacrifice made by an Indian rajah who has slain a priest without premeditation.

Abhor

(Latin, ab, away from, and horreo, to shrink; originally, to shudder have the hair on end). To abhor is to have a natural antipathy, and to show it by shuddering with disgust.

Abiala

Wife of Makambi; African deities. She holds a pistol in her hand, and is greatly feared. Her aid is implored in sickness.

Abida

A god of the Kalmucks, who receives the souls of the dead at the moment of decease, and gives them permission to enter a new body, either human or not, and have another spell of life on earth. If the spirit is spotless it may, if it likes, rise and live in the air.

Abidharma

The book of metaphysics in the Tripitaka (q.v.).

Abigail

A lady's maid, or ladymaid. Abigail, wife of Nabal, who introduced herself to David and afterwards married him, is a well—known Scripture heroine (l Sam. xxv 3). Abigail was a popular middle class Christian name in the seventeenth century. Beaumont and Fletcher, in The Scornful Lady, call the “waiting gentlewoman" Abigail, a name employed by Swift, Fielding, and others, in their novels. Probably “Abigail Hill” the original name of Mrs. Masham, waiting—woman to Queen Anne, popularised the name.

Abimelech is no proper name, but a regal title of the Philistines, meaning Father—King.

Able

An able seaman is a skilled seaman. Such a man is termed an A.B. (Able—Bodied); unskilled seamen are called “boys” without regard to age.

Able—bodied Seaman

A sailor of the first class. A crew is divided into three classes: (1) able seamen, or skilled sailors, termed A.B.; (2) ordinary seamen; and (3) boys, which include green—hands, or inexperienced men, without regard to age or size.

Aboard

He fell aboard of me — met me; abused me. A ship is said to fall aboard another when, being in motion it runs against the other.

To go aboard is to embark, to go on the board or deck.

Aboard main tack is to draw one of the lower corners of the main—sail down to the chess—tree. Figuratively, it means “to keep to the point.”

Abolla

An ancient military garment worn by the Greeks and Romans, opposed to the toga or robe of peace. The abolla being worn by the lower orders, was affected by philosophers in the vanity of humility.

Abominate

(abominor, I pray that the omen may be averted; used on mentioning anything unlucky). As ill—omened things are disliked, so, by a simple figure of speech, what we dislike we consider ill—omened.

Abomination of Desolation

(The). The Roman standard is so called (Matt. xxiv. 15). As it was set up in the holy temple, it was an abomination; and, as it brought destruction, it was the “abomination of desolation.”

Abon Hassan

A rich merchant, transferred during sleep to the bed and palace of the Caliph

Haroun—al—Raschid. Next morning he was treated as the caliph, and every effort was made to make him forget his identity. Arabian Nights (“The Sleeper Awakened"). The same trick was played on Christopher Sly, in the Induction of Shakespeare's comedy of Taming of the Shrew; and, according to Burton (Anatomy of Melancholy, ii. 2, 4), by Philippe the Good, Duke of Burgundy, on his marriage with Eleonora.

“Were I caliph for a day, as honest Abon Hassan, I would scourge me these jugglers out of the Commonwealth.” — Sir Walter Scott.

Abonde

(Dame) The French Santa Claus, the good fairy who comes at night to bring toys to children while they sleep, especially on New Year's Day.

Abortive Flowers

are those which have stamens but no pistils.

Abou ebn Sina

commonly called Avicenna. A great Persian physician, born at Shiraz, whose canons of medicine were those adopted by Hippoc rates and Aristotle. Died 1037.

Abou—Bekr

called Father of the Virgin, i.e. , Mahomet's favourite wife. He was the first caliph, and was founder of the sect called the Sunnites. (571——634.)

Abou Jahia

The angel of death in Mohammedan mythology. Called Azrael by the Arabs, and Mordad by the Persians.

Aboulomri

(in Mohammedan mythology). A fabulous bird of the vulture sort which lives 1,000 years. Called by the Persians Kerkes, and by the Turks Ak—Baba. — Herbelot.

Above properly applies only to matter on the same page, but has been extended to any previous part of the book, as See above, p. *.

Above—board

In a straightforward manner. Conjurers place their hands under the table when they are preparing their tricks, but above when they show them. “Let all be above—board” means “let there be no under —hand work, but let us see everything.”

Above par

A commercial term meaning that the article referred to is more than its nominal value. Thus, if you must give more than #100, for a #100 share in a bank company, a railway share, or other stock, we say the stock is “above par.”

If, on the other hand, a nominal #100 worth can be bought for less than #100, we say the stock is “below par.”

Figuratively, a person in low spirits or ill health says he is “below par.”

Above your hook

— i.e., beyond your comprehension; beyond your mark. The allusion is to hat—pegs placed in rows; the higher rows are above the reach of small statures.

Abracadabra

A charm. It is said that Abracadabra was the supreme deity of the Assyrians. Q. Severus Sammonicus recommended the use of the word as a powerful antidote against ague, flux, and toothache. The word was to be written on parchment, and suspended round the neck by a linen thread, in the form given below: —

A B R A C A D A B R A

A B R A C A D A B R

A B R A C A D A B

A B R A C A D A

A B R A C A D

A B R A C A

A B R A C

A B R A

A B R

A B

A

Abracax

also written Abraxas or Abrasax, in Persian mythology denotes the Supreme Being. In Greek notation it stands for 365. In Persian mythology Abracax presides over 365 impersonated virtues, one of which is supposed to prevail on each day of the year. In the second century the word was employed by the Basilidians for the deity; it was also the principle of the Gnostic hierarchy, and that from which sprang their numerous Æons. (See Abraxas Stones.)

Abraham

His parents. According to Mohammedan mythology, the parents of Abraham were Prince Azar and his wife, Adna.

His infancy. As King Nimrod had been told that one shortly to be born would dethrone him, he commanded the death of all such; so Adna retired to a cave where Abraham was born. He was nourished by sucking two of her fingers, one of which supplied milk and the other honey.

His boyhood. At the age of fifteen months he was equal in size to a lad of fifteen, and very wise; so his father introduced him to the court of King Nimrod. — Herbelot: Bibliothèque Orientale.

His offering. According to Mohammedan tradition, the mountain on which Abraham offered up his son was Arfaday; but is more generally thought to have been Moriah.

His death. The Ghebers say that Abraham was thrown into the fire by Nimrod's order, but the flame turned into a bed of roses, on which the child Abraham went to sleep. — Tavernier.

“Sweet and welcome as the bed

For their own infant prophet spread,

When pitying Heaven to roses turned

The death—flames that beneath him burned.” T. Moore: Fire Worshippers.

To Sham Abraham. To pretend illness or distress, in order to get off work. (See Abram—Man.)

“I have heard people say Sham Abram you may,

But must not Sham Abraham Newland.”

T. Dibdin or Upton

Abraham Newland was cashier of the Bank of England, and signed the notes.

Abraham's Bosom

The repose of the happy in death (Luke xvi.22). The figure is taken from the ancient custom of allowing a dear friend to recline at dinner on your bosom. Thus the beloved John reclined on the bosom of Jesus.

There is no leaping from Delilah's lap into Abraham's bosom — i.e. , those who live and die in notorious sin must not expect to go to heaven at death. — Boston: Crook in the Lot.

Abraham Newland

(An). A banknote. So called because, in the early part of the nineteenth century, none were genuine but those signed by this name.

Abrahamic Covenant

The covenant made by God with Abraham, that Messiah should spring from his seed. This promise was given to Abraham, because he left his country and father's house to live in a strange land, as God told him.

Abrahamites

(4 syl.) Certain Bohemian deists, so called because they professed to believe what Abraham believed before he was circumcised. The sect was forbidden by the Emperor Joseph II. in 1783.

Abram—colour

Probably a corruption of Abron, meaning auburn. Halliwell quotes the following from Coriolanus, ii. 3: “Our heads are some brown, some black, some Abram, some bald.” And again, “Where is the eldest son of Priam, the Abram—coloured Trojan?” “A goodly, long, thick Abram—coloured beard.” — Blurt, Master Constable.

Hall, in his Satires, iii. 5, uses abron for auburn. “A lusty courtier ... with abron locks was fairly furnishëd.”

Abram—Man or Abraham Cove. A Tom o' Bedlam; a naked vagabond; a begging impostor.

The Abraham Ward, in Bedlam, had for its inmates begging lunatics, who used to array themselves “with

party—coloured ribbons, tape in their hats, a fox—tail hanging down, a long stick with streamers,” and beg alms; but “for all their seeming madness, they had wit enough to steal as they went along.” — Canting Academy.

See King Lear, ii. 3.

In Beaumont and Fletcher we have several synonyms: —

“And these, what name or title e'er they bear,

Jackman or Patrico, Cranke or Clapper—dudgeon , Fraier or Abram—man, I speak to all.” Beggar's Bush, ii. 1.

Abraxas Stones

Stones with the word Abraxas engraved on them, and used as talismans. They were cut into symbolic forms combining a fowl's head, a serpent's body, and human limbs. (See Abracax.)

Abreast

Side by side, the breasts being all in a line.

The ships were all abreast — i.e. , their heads were all equally advanced, as soldiers marching abreast.

Abridge

is not formed from the word bridge; but comes from the Latin abbreviare, to shorten, from brevis (short), through the French abréger (to shorten).

Abroach

To set mischief abroach is to set it afoot. The figure is from a cask of liquor, which is broached that the liquor may be drawn from it. (Fr., brocher, to prick, abrocher.)

Abroad

You are all abroad. Wide of the mark; not at home with the subject. Abroad, in all directions.

“An elm displays her dusky arms abroad.” Dryden.

Abrogate

When the Roman senate wanted a law to be passed, they asked the people to give their votes in its favour. The Latin for this is rogare legem (to solicit or propose a law). If they wanted a law repealed, they asked the people to vote against it; this was abrogare legem (to solicit against the law).

Absalom

James, Duke of Monmouth, the handsome but rebellious son of Charles II. in Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel (1649——1685).

Absalom and Achitophel

A political satire by Dryden (1649——1685). David is meant for Charles II.; Absalom for his natural son James, Duke of Monmouth, handsome like Absalom, and, like him, rebellious. Achitophel is meant for Lord Shaftesbury, Zimri for the Duke of Buckingham, and Abdael for Monk. The selections are so skilfully made that the history of David seems repeated. Of Absalom, Dryden says (Part i.): —

“Whatever he did was done with so much ease,

In him alone 'twas natural to please;

His motions all accompanied with grace,

And paradise was opened in his face.”

Abscond

means properly to hide; but we generally use the word in the sense of stealing off secretly from an employer. (Latin, abscondo.)

Absent “Out of mind as soon as out of sight.” Generally misquoted “Out of sight, out of mind.” — Lord Brooke.

The absent are always wrong. The translation of the French proverb, Les absents ont toujours tort.

Absent Man

(The). The character of Bruyère's Absent Man, translated in the Spectator and exhibited on the stage, is a caricature of Comte de Brancas.

Absolute

A Captain Absolute, a bold, despotic man, determined to have his own way. The character is in Sheridan's play called The Rivals.

Sir Anthony Absolute , a warm—hearted, testy, overbearing country squire, in the same play. William Dowton (1764——1851) was nick—named “Sir Anthony Absolute.”

Absquatulate

To run away or abscond. A comic American word, from ab and squat (to go away from your squatting). A squatting is a tenement taken in some unclaimed part, without purchase or permission. The persons who take up their squatting are termed squatters.

Abstemious

according to Fabius and Aulus Gellius, is compounded of abs and temetum. “Temetum” was a strong, intoxicating drink, allied to the Greek methu (strong drink).

Vinum prisca lingua temetum appellabant.” — Aulus Gellius, x. 23.

Abstract Numbers

are numbers considered abstractly — 1, 2, 3; but if we say 1 year, 2 feet, 3 men, etc., the numbers are no longer abstract, but concrete.

Taken in the abstract. Things are said to be taken in the abstract when they are considered absolutely, that is, without reference to other matters or persons. Thus, in the abstract, one man is as good as another, but not so socially and politically.

Abstraction

An empty Abstraction, a mere ideality, of no practical use. Every noun is an abstraction, but the narrower genera may be raised to higher ones, till the common thread is so fine that hardly anything is left. These high abstractions, from which everything but one common cord is taken, are called empty abstractions.

For example, man is a genus, but may be raised to the genus animal, thence to organised being, thence to created being, thence to matter in the abstract, and so on, till everything but one is emptied out.

Absurd

means strictly, quite deaf. (Latin, ab, intensive, and surdus, deaf.)

Reduction ad absurdum. Proving a proposition to be right by showing that every supposable deviation from it would involve an absurdity.

Abudah

A merchant of Bagdad, haunted every night by an old hag; he finds at last that the way to rid himself of this torment is to “fear God, and keep his commandments.” — Tales of the Genii.

“Like Abudah, he is always looking out for the Fury, and knows that the night will come with the inevitable hag with it.” — Thackeray.

Abundant Number

(An). A number such that the sum of all its divisors (except itself) is greater than the number itself. Thus 12 is an abundant number, because its divisors, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 = 16, which is greater than 12.

A Deficient number is one of which the sum of all its divisors is less than itself, as 10, the divisors of which are 1, 2, 5 = 8, which is less than 10.

A Perfect number is one of which the sum of all its divisors exactly measures itself, as 6, the divisors of which are 1, 2, 3 = 6.

Abus the river Humber.

“For by the river that whylome was hight

The ancien Abus ... [was from]

Their chieftain, Humber, named aright.”

And Drayton, in his Polyolbion, 28, says: —

“For my princely name.

From Humber, king of Huns, as anciently it came.” See Geoffrey's Chronicles, Bk. ii. 2.

Abyla

A mountain in Africa, opposite Gibraltar. This, with Calpe in Spain, 16 m. distant, forms the pillars of Hercules.

Heaves up huge Abyla on Afric's sand,

Crowns with high Calpe Europe's salient strand.”

Darwin: Economy of Vegetation.

Abyssinians

A sect of Christians in Abyssinia, who admit only one nature in Jesus Christ, and reject the Council of Chalcedon.

Acacetus

One who does nothing badly. It was a name given to Mercury or Hermes for his eloquence. (Greek, a , not, kakos, bad.)

Academics

The followers of Plato were so called, because they attended his lectures in the Academy, a garden planted by Academos.

“See there the olive grove of Academus, Plato's retreat.”Milton: Paradise Lost, Book iv.

Academy

Divided into — Old, the philosophic teaching of Plato and his immediate followers; Middle, a modification of the Platonic system, taught by Arcesilaos; New, the half—sceptical school of Carneades.

Plato taught that matter is eternal and infinite, but without form or order; and that there is an intelligent cause, the author of everything. He maintained that we could grasp truth only so far as we had elevated our mind by thought to its divine essence.

Arcesilaos was the great antagonist of the Stoics, and wholly denied man's capacity for grasping truth.

Carneades maintained that neither our senses nor our understanding could supply us with a sure criterion of truth.

The talent of the Academy, so Plato called Aristotle (B.C. 384——322).

Academy Figures

Drawings in black and white chalk, on tinted paper, from living models, used by artists. So called from the Royal Academy of Artists.

Acadia

— i.e., Nova Scotia, so called by the French from the river Shubenacadie. The name was changed in 1621. In 1755 the old French inhabitants were driven into exile by order of George II.

“Thus dwelt together in love those simple Acadian farmers.”Longfellow: Evangeline.

Acadine A fountain of Sicily which revealed if writings were authentic and genuine or not. The writings to be tested were thrown into the fountain, and if spurious they sank to the bottom. Oaths and promises were tried in the same way, after being written down. — Diodorus Siculus.

Acanthus

The leafy ornament used in the capitals of Corinthian and composite columns. It is said that Callimachos lost his daughter, and set a basket of flowers on her grave, with a tile to keep the wind from blowing it away. The next time he went to visit the grave an acanthus had sprung up around the basket, which so struck the fancy of the architect that he introduced the design in his buildings.

Acceptance

A bill or note accepted. This is done by the drawee writing on it “accepted,” and signing his name. The person who accepts it is called the “acceptor.”

Accessory

Accessory before the fact is one who is aware that another intends to commit an offence, but is himself absent when the offence is perpetrated.

Accessory after the fact is one who screens a felon, aids him in eluding justice, or helps him in any way to profit by his crime. Thus, the receiver of stolen goods, knowing or even suspecting them to be stolen, is an accessory ex post facto.

Accident

A logical accident is some property or quality which a thing possesses, but which does not essentially belong to it, as the tint of our skin, the height of our body, the redness of a brick, or the whiteness of paper. If any of these were changed, the substance would remain intact.

Accidental or Subjective Colours

Those which depend on the state of our eye, and not those which the object really possesses. Thus, after looking at the bright sun, all objects appear dark; that dark colour is the accidental colour of the bright sun. When, again, we come from a dark room, all objects at first have a yellow tinge. This is especially the case if we wear blue glasses, for a minute or two after we have taken them off.

The accidental colour of red is bluish green, of orange dark blue, of violet yellow, of black white; and the converse.

Accidentals

in music are those sharps and flats, etc., which do not properly belong to the key in which the music is set, but which the composer arbitrarily introduces.

Accidente!

(4 syl.) An Italian curse or oath: “Ce qui veut dire en bon francais, “Puisses—tu mourir d'accident, sans confession,” damné.” — E. About: Tolla.

Accidents

in theology. After consecration, say the Catholics, the substance of the bread and wine is changed into that of the body and blood of Christ, but their accidents (flavour, appearance, and so on) remain the same as before.

Accius Navius

A Roman augur in the reign of Tarquin the Elder. When he forbade the king to increase the number of the tribes without consulting the augurs, Tarquin asked him if the thought then in his mind was feasible. “Undoubtedly,” said Accius. “Then cut through this whetstone with the razor in your hand.” The priest gave a bold cut, and the block fell in two. This story (from Livy, Bk. i., chap. 36) is humorously retold in Bon Gaultier's Ballads.

Accolade

(3 syl.) The touch of a sword on the shoulder in the ceremony of conferring knighthood; originally an embrace or touch by the hand on the neck. (Latin, ad collum, on the neck.)

Accommodation

A loan of money, which accommodates us, or fits a want.

Accommodation Note or Bill. An acceptance given on a Bill of Exchange for which value has not been received by the acceptor from the drawer, and which, not representing a commercial transaction, is so far fictitious.

Accommodation Ladder. The light ladder hung over the side of a ship at the gangway.

Accord

means “heart to heart.” (Latin, ad corda.) If two persons like and dislike the same things, they are heart to heart with each other.

Similarly, “con—cord” heart with heart; “dis—cord,” heart divided from heart; “re—cord” properly means to recollect — i.e., re—cordare, to bring again to the mind or heart; then to set down in writing for the purpose of recollecting.

Accost

means to “come to the side” of a person for the purpose of speaking to him. (Latin, ad costam, to the side.)

Account

To open an account, to enter a customer's name on your ledger for the first time. (Latin, accomputare, to reckon with.)

To keep open account is when merchants agree to honour each other's bills of exchange.

A current account or account current, a/c. A commercial term, meaning that the customer is entered by name in the creditor's ledger for goods purchased but not paid for at the time. The account runs on for a month or more, according to agreement.

To cast accounts. To give the results of the debits and credits entered, balancing the two, and carrying over the surplus.

A sale for the account in the Stock Exchange means: the sale of stock not for immediate payment, but for the fortnightly settlement. Generally this is speculative, and the broker or customer pays the difference of price between the time of purchase and time of settlement.

We will give a good account of them — i.e. we will give them a thorough good drubbing

Accurate

means well and carefully done. (Latin, ad—curare, accuratus.)

Accusative

(The) Calvin was so called by his college companions. We speak of an “accusative age,” meaning searching, one eliminating error by accusing it.

“This hath been a very accusative age.” — Sir E. Dering.

Ace

(1 syl.) The unit of cards or dice, from as, the Latin unit of weight. (Italian, asso; French and Spanish, as.)

Within an ace. Within a shave. An ace is the lowest numeral, and he who wins within an ace, wins within a single mark. (See Ambes—As.)

To bate an ace is to make an abatement, or to give a competitor some start or other advantage, in order to render the combatants more equal. It said that the expression originated in the reign of Henry VIII., when one of the courtiers named Bolton, in order to flatter the king, used to say at cards, “Your Majesty must bate me an ace, or I shall have no chance at all.” Taylor, the water poet (1580——1654), speaking of certain women, says —

“Though bad they be, they will not bate an ace

To be cald Prudence, Temprance, Faith, and Grace.”

Aceldama A battle—field a place where much blood has been shed. To the south of Jerusalem there was a field so called; it was purchased by the priests with the blood—money thrown down by Judas, and appropriated as a cemetery for strangers (Matt. XXVII. 8; Acts 1. 19). (Aramaic, okel—dama.)

Accephalites

(4 syl.) properly means men without a head. (1) A fraction among the Eutychians in the fifth century after the submission of Mongus their chief, by which they were “deprived of their head.” (2) Certain bishops exempt from the jurisdiction and discipline of their patriarch. (3) A sect of levellers in the reign of Henry I., who acknowledged no leader. (4) The fabulous Blemmyes of Africa, who are described as having no head, their eyes and mouth being placed elsewhere. (Greek, a—kephale, without a head.)

Acestes

(3 syl.) The Arrow of Acestes. In a trial of skill Acestes, the Sicilian, discharged his arrrow with such force that it took fire. (Æ. 5, line 525.)

“Like Acestes' shaft of old,

The swift thought kindles as it flies.”

Longfellow.

Achæan League

A confederacy of the twelve towns of Achæa. It was broken up by Alexander the Great, but was again reorganised B.C. 280, and dissolved by the Romans in 147 B.C.

Achar

in Indian philosophy means the All—in—All. The world is spun out of Achar as a web from a spider, and will ultimately return to him, as a spider sometimes takes back into itself its own thread. Phenomena are not independent realities, but merely partial and individual manifestations of the All—in—All.

Achates

(3 syl.) A fidus Achates. A faithful companion, a bosom friend. Achates in Virgil's Æneid is the chosen companion of the hero in adventures of all kinds.

“He has chosen this fellow for his fidus Achates.” — Sir Walter Scott

Achemon

or Achmon, and his brother Basalas were two Cercopes for ever quarrelling. One day they saw Hercules asleep under a tree and insulted him, but Hercules tied them by their feet to his club and walked off with them, heads downwards, like a brace of hares. Everyone laughed at the sight, and it became a proverbial cry among the Greeks, when two men were seen quarelling — “Look out for Melampygos!” (i.e. Hercules).

“Ne insidas in Melampygum.”

According to Greek fable, monkeys are degraded men. The Cercopes were changed into monkeys for attempting to deceive Zeus.

Acheron

The “River of Sorrows” (Greek, achos roös); one of the five rivers of the infernal regions.

“Sad Acheron of sorrow, black and deep.” Milton: Paradise Lost, ii. 578.

Pabulum Acherontis. Food for the churchyard; said of a dead body.

Acherontian Books

The most celebrated books of augury in the world. They are the books which the Etruscans received from Tages, grandson of Jupiter.

Acherusia

A cavern on the borders of Pontus, said to lead down to the infernal regions. It was through this cavern that Hercules dragged Cerberus to earth.

Achillea The Yarrow, called by the French the herbe aux charpentiers — i.e., carpenter's wort, because it was supposed to heal wounds made by carpenters' tools. Called Achillea from Achilles, who was taught the uses and virtues of plants by Chiron the centaur. The tale is, that when the Greeks invaded Troy, Telephus, a

son—in—law of King Priam, attempted to stop their landing; but Bacchus —caused him to stumble over a vine, and, when he had fallen, Achilles wounded him with his spear. The young Trojan was told by an oracle that

“Achilles (meaning milfoil or yarrow) would cure the wound;” but, instead of seeking the plant, he applied to the Grecian chief, and promised to conduct the host to Troy if he would cure the wound. Achilles consented to do so, scraped some rust from his spear, and from the filings rose the plant milfoil, which, being applied to the wound, had the desired effect.

Achilles

(3 syl.) King of the Myrmidons (in Thessaly), the hero of Homer's epic poem called the Iliad. He is represented as brave and relentless. The poem begins with a quarrel between him and Agamemnon, the commander in chief of the allied Greeks: in consequence of which Achilles refused to go to battle. The Trojans prevail, and Achilles sends forth his friend Patroclos to oppose them. Patroclos fell; and Achilles, in anger, rushing into the battle killed Hector, the commander of the Trojans. He himself, according to later poems, fell in battle a few days afterwards, before Troy was taken.

Achilles

Army: The Myrmidons followed him to Troy.

Death of: It was Paris who wounded Achilles in the heel with an arrow (a

post—Homericstory).

Father: Peleus (2 syl.), King of Thessaly. Friend: Patroclos.

Horses: Balios (= swift—footed) and Xanthos (= chestnut—coloured), endowed with human speech.

Mistress in Troy: Hippodamia, surnamed Briseis (2 syl.). Mother: Thetis, a sea goddess.

Son: Pyrrhos, surnamed Neoptolemos (= the new warrior). Tomb: In Sigoeum, over which no bird ever flies. — Pliny. x. 29. Tutors: First, Phoenix, who taught him the elements; then Chiron the centaur. Wife: Deidamia. (5 syl.) De—i—da—my'—ah.

Achilles

(pronounce A—kil—leez). The English , John Talbot, first Earl of Shrewsbury (1373——1453).

Achilles

of England, the Duke of Wellington (1769——1852).

Of Germany, Albert, Elector of Brandenburg (1414——1486).

Of Lombardy, brother of Sforza and Palamedes. All the three brothers were in the allied army of Godfrey (Jerusalem Delivered). Achilles of Lombardy was slain by Corinna. This was not a complimentary title, but a proper name.

Of Rome, Lucius Sicinius Dentatus, the Roman tribune; also called the Second Achilles. Put to death B.C. 450.

Achilles of the West

Roland the Paladin; also called “The Christian Theseus” (2 syl.).

Achilles' Spear

(See Achillea.)

Achilles' Tendon

A strong sinew running along the heel to the calf of the leg. The tale is that Thetis took her son Achilles by the heel, and dipped him in the river Styx to make him invulnerable. The water washed every

part, except the heel covered with his mother's hand. It was on this vulnerable point the hero was slain; and the sinew of the heel is called, in consequence, tendo Achillis. A post—Homeric story

The Heel of Achilles. The vulnerable or weak point in a man's character or of a nation. (See above.)

Aching Void

(An). That desolation of heart which arises from the recollection of some cherished endearment no longer possessed.

“What peaceful hours I once enjoyed!

How sweet their memory still!

But they have left an aching void

The world can never fill.”

Cowper: Walking with God.

Achitophel

(See Absalom and Achitophel.) Achitophel was David's traitorous counsellor, who deserted to Absalom; but his advice being disregarded, he hanged himself (2 Sam. xv.). The Achitophel of Dryden's satire was the Earl of Shaftesbury: —

Of these (the rebels) the false Achitophel was first;

A name to all succeeding ages curst;

For close designs and crooked counsels fit;

Sagacious, bold, and turbulent of wit;

Restless, unfixed in principles and place;

In power unpleased, impatient in disgrace.”

Part i. 150——5.

Achor

God of flies, worshipped by the Cyreneans, that they might not be annoyed with these tiny tormentors. (See Flies, God of.)

Acis

The son of Faunus, in love with Galatea. Polyphemos, his rival, crushed him under a huge rock.

Acme

The crisis of a disease. Old medical writers used to divide the progress of a disease into four periods: the ar—che, or beginning; the anabasis, or increase, the acme, or term of its utmost violence, and the pa—rac—me, or decline. Figuratively, the highest point of anything.

Acmonian Wood

(The). The trystplace of unlawful love. It was here that Mars had his assignation with Harmonïa, who became the mother of the Amazons.

“C'est là que ... Mars eut les faveurs de la nymphe Harmonie, commerce dont naquirent les Amazones” — Etienne: Géographie.

Acoime tæ

An order of monks in the fifth century who watched day and night. (Greek, watchers.)

Acolyte

(3 syl.) A subordinate officer in the Catholic Church, whose duty is to light the lamps, prepare the sacred elements, attend the officiating priests, etc. (Greek, a follower.)

Aconite

The herb Monkshood or Wolfsbane. Classic fabulists ascribe its poisonous qualities to the foam which dropped from the mouths of the three—headed Cerbërus, when Hercules, at the command of Eurystheus, dragged the monster from the infernal regions. (Latin, aconitum.)

“Lurida terribiles miscent Aconita novercæ.” Ovid: Metamorphoses, i. 147.

Acrasia

(Self—indulgence). An enchantress who lived in the “Bower of Bliss,” situate in “Wandering Island” She transformed her lovers into monstrous shapes, and kept them captives. Sir Guyon having crept up softly, threw a net over her, and bound her in chains of adamant; then broke down her bower and burnt it to ashes. — Spencer Faëry Queen, ii. 12.

Acrates

(3 syl.) i.e., incontinence; called by Spenser the father of Cymochlës and Pyrochles. — Faëry Queen,

ii. 4.

Acre

“God's acre,” a cemetery or churchyard. The word “acre,” Old English, aæcer, is akin to the Latin ager and German acker (a field).

Acre—fight

A duel in the open field. The combats of the Scotch and English borderers were so called.

Acre—shot A land tax. “Acre” is Old English, æcer (land), and “shot” is scot or sceat (a tax).

Acres

A Bob Acres — i.e., a coward. From Sheridan's comedy called The Rivals. His courage always “oozed out at his fingers' ends.”

Acroamatics

Esoterical lectures; the lectures of Aristotle, which none but his chosen disciples were allowed to attend. Those given to the public generally were called exoteric. (Acroamatic is a Greek word, meaning delivered to an audience, to attend lectures.)

Acroatic

Same as esoteric. (See Acroamatics.)

Acrobat

means one who goes on his extremities , or uses only the tips of his fingers and toes in moving about. (It is from the two Greek words, akros baino, to go on the extremities of one's limbs.)

Acropolis

The citadel of ancient Athens.

Of course, the word is compounded of akros and polis = the city on the height, i.e., the high rock

Acrostic

(Greek, akros stichos) The term was first applied to the verses of the Erythræan sibyl, written on leaves. These prophecies were excessively obscure, but were so contrived that when the leaves were sorted and laid in order, their initial letters always made a word. — Dionys., iv. 62.

Acrostic poetry among the Hebrews consisted of twenty—two lines or stanzas beginning with the letters of the alphabet in succession, as Psalm cxix., etc.

Acrostics

Puzzles, generally in verse, consisting of two words of equal length The initial letters of the several lines constitute one of the secret words, and the final letters constitute the other word.

Also words re—arranged so as to make other words of similar significance, as “Horatio Nelson” re—arranged into Honor est a Nilo. Another form of acrostic is to find a sentence which reads the same backwards and forwards, as E.T.L.N.L.T.E., the initial letters of “Eat To Live, Never Live To Eat;” which in Latin would be, E.U.V.N.V.U.E. (Ede Ut Vivas, Ne Vivas Ut Edas).

Act

and Opponency An “Act,” in our University language, consists of a thesis and “disputation” thereon, covering continuous parts of three hours. The person “disputing” with the “keeper of the Act” is called the “opponent,” and his function is called an “opponency.” In some degrees the student is required to keep his Act, and then to be the opponent of another disputant. Much alteration in these matters has been introduced of late, with other college reforms.

Act of Faith

(auto da fé) in Spain, is a day set apart by the Inquisition for the punishment of heretics, and the absolution of those who renounce their heretical doctrines. The sentence of the Inquisition is also so called; and so is the ceremony of burning, or otherwise torturing the condemned.

Act of God

(An) “Damnum fatale,” such as loss by lightning, shipwreck, fire, etc.; loss arising from fatality, and not from one's own fault, theft, and so on. A Devonshire jury once found a verdict — ” That deceased died by the act of God, brought about by the flooded condition of the river.”

Actaeon

A hunter. In Grecian mythology Actæon was a huntsman, who surprised Diana bathing, was changed by her into a stag, and torn to pieces by his own hounds. Hence, a man whose wife is unfaithful. (See Horns.)

“Go thou, like Sir Actæon, with Ringwood at thy heel.” Shakespeare: Merry Wives, ii. 1.

“Divulge Page himself for a secure and wilful Actæon.” Ibid. iii. 2.

Actian Years

Years in which the Actian games were celebrated. Augustus instituted games at Actium to celebrate his naval victory over Antony. They were held every five years.

Action Sermon

A sacramental sermon (in the Scots Presbyterian Church).

“I returned home about seven, and addressed myself towards my Action Sermon, Mrs. Olivant.” — E. Irving.

Active

Active verbs, verbs which act on the noun governed.

Active capital. Property in actual employment in a given concern.

Active Commerce. Exports and imports carried to and fro in our own ships. Passive commerce is when they are carried in foreign vessels. The commerce of England is active, of China passive.

Activity

The sphere of activity, the whole field through which the influence of an object or person extends.

Acton

A taffeta, or leather—quilted dress, worn under the habergeon to keep the body from being chafed or bruised. (French, hocqueton.)

Actresses

Female characters used to be played by boys. Coryat, in his Crudities (1611), says, “When I went to a theatre (in Venice) I observed certain things that I never saw before; for I saw women acte. ... I have heard that it hath sometimes been used in London” (Vol. ii.).

“Whereas, women's parts in plays have hitherto been acted by men in the habits of women ... we do permit and give leave for the time to come that all women's parts be acted by women, 1662.” — Charles II.

The first female actress on the English stage was Mrs. Coleman (1656), who played Ianthe in the Siege of Rhodes.

The last male actor that took the part of a woman on the English stage, in serious drama, was Edward Kynaston, noted for his beauty (1619——1687).

Acu tetigisti

You have hit the nail on the head. (Lit., you have touched it with a needle.) Plautus (Rudens, v 2,

19) says, “Rem acu tetigisti;” and Cicero (Pro Milone, 24) has “Vulnus acu punctum,” evidently referring to a surgeon's probe.

Acutiator

A person in the Middle Ages who attended armies and knights to sharpen their instruments of war. (Latin, acuo, to sharpen.)

Ad Græcas Calendas.

(Deferred) to the Greek Calends — i.e. , for ever. (It shall be done) on the Greek Calends — .e., never. There were no Calends in the Greek notation of the months. (See Never.)

Ad inquirendum

A judicial writ commanding an inquiry to be made into some complaint.

Ad libitum

Without restraint.

Ad rem (Latin) To the point in hand; to the purpose. (Acu rem tetigisti.) (See above, Acu.)

Ad unum omnes

All to a man (Latin).

Ad valorem

According to the price charged. Some custom —— duties vary according to the different values of the goods imported. Thus, at one time teas paid duty ad valorem, the high—priced tea paying more duty than that of a lower price.

Ad vitam aut culpam

A Latin phrase, used in Scotch law, to indicate the legal permanency of an appointment, unless forfeited by misconduct.

Adam

The Talmudists say that Adam lived in Paradise only twelve hours, and account for the time thus: —

The first hour, God collected the dust and animated it.

The second hour, Adam stood on his feet.

The fourth hour, he named the animals.

The sixth hour, he slept and Eve was created.

The seventh hour, he married the woman.

The tenth hour, he fell.

The twelfth hour, he was thrust out of Paradise.

The Mohammedans tell us he fell on Mount Serendib, in Ceylon, where there is a curious impression in the granite resembling a human foot, above 5 feet long and 2.5; feet broad. They tell us it was made by Adam, who stood there on one foot for 200 years to expiate his crime; when Gabriel took him to Mount Arafath, where he found Eve. (See Adam's Peak.)

Adam was buried , according to Arabian tradition, on Aboucais, a mountain of Arabia.

Adam

The old Adam; beat the offending Adam out of thee; the first Adam. Adam, as the head of unredeemed man, stands for “original sin” or “man without regenerating grace.”

The second Adam; the new Adam, etc.; I will give you the new Adam . Jesus Christ, as the covenant head, is so called; also the “new birth unto righteousness.”

When Adam delved and Eve span “Au temps passé, Berthe filait.” This Bertha was the wife of King Pepin.

When Adam delved and Eve span

Who was then the gentleman?”

Adam. A sergeant, bailiff, or any one clad in buff, or a skin—coat, like Adam.

“Not that Adam that kept Paradise, but that Adam that keeps the prison.” — Shakespeare: Comedy of Errors, iv. 3.

A faithful Adam. A faithful old servant. The character is taken from Shakespeare's comedy of As you like it, where a retainer of that name, who had served the family sixty—three years, offer to accompany Orlando in his flight and to share with him his thrifty savings of 500 crowns.

Adam Bell A northern outlaw, whose name has become a synonym for a good archer. (See Clym of the Clough)

Adam Cupid

— i.e., Archer Cupid, perhaps with allusion to Adam Bell, the celebrated archer. (See Percy's Reliques, vol. i., p. 7.)

Adam's Ale

Water as a beverage; from the supposition that Adam had nothing but water to drink. In Scotland water for a beverage is called Adam's Wine.

Adam's Apple

The protuberance in the fore—part of a man's throat; so called from the superstition that a piece of the forbidden fruit which Adam ate stuck in his throat, and occasioned the swelling.

Adam's Needle.

The yucca, so called because it is sharp—pointed like a needle.

Adam's Peak

in Ceylon, is where the Arabs say Adam bewailed his expulsion from Paradise, and stood on one foot till God forgave him. It was the Portuguese who first called it “Pico de Adam.” (See Kaaba)

In the granite is the mark of a human foot, above 5 feet long by 2.5; broad, said to have been made by Adam, who, we are told, stood there on one foot for 200 years, to expiate his crime. After his penance he was restored to Eve. The Hindus assert that the footprint is that made by Buddha when he ascended to heaven.

Adam's Profession

Gardening, agriculture. Adam was appointed by God to dress the garden of Eden, and to keep it (Gen. ii. 15); and after the fall he was sent out of the garden “to till the ground” (Gen. iii. 23).

“There is no ancient gentlemen, but gardeners, ditchers, and grave—makers; they hold up Adam's profession.” — The Clown in “Hamlet,” v. 1.

Adams

Parson Adams, the ideal of a benevolent, simple—minded, eccentric country clergyman; ignorant of the world, bold as a lion for the truth, and modest as a girl. The character is in Fielding's novel of Joseph Andrews.

Adamant

is really the mineral corundum; but the word is indifferently used for rock crystal, diamond, or any hard substance, and also for the magnet or loadstone. It is often used by poet for no specific substance, but as hardness or firmness in the abstract. Thus, Virgil, in his Æneid vi. 552, speaks of “adamantine pillars” merely to express solid and strong ones; and Milton frequently uses the word in the same way. Thus, in Paradise Lost, ii. 436, he says the gates of hell were made of burning adamant:

“This huge convex of fire

Outrageous to devour, immures us round

Ninefold, and gates of burning adamant

Barred over us prohibit all egress.”

Satan, he tells us, wore adamantine armour (Book vi. 110):

“Satan, with vast and haughty strides advanced,

Came towering, armed in adamant and gold.”

And a little further on he tells us his shield was made of adamant (vi. 255):

“He [Satan] hasted, and opposed the rocky orb

Of ten—fold adamant, his ample shield

A vast circumference.”

Tasso (canto vii. 82) speaks of Scudo di lucidissimo diamante (a shield of clearest diamond).

Other poets make adamant to mean the magnet. Thus, in Troilus and Cresida, iii. 2:

As true as steel, as plantage to the moon,

As sun to day, as turtle to her mate,

As iron to adamant.”

(“Plantage to the moon,” from the notion that plants grew best with the increasing moon.)

And Green says:

As true to thee as steel to adamant.”

So, in the Arabian Nights, the “Third Calendar,” we read:

To—morrow about noon we shall be near the black mountain, or mine of adamant, which at this very minute draws all your fleet towards it, by virtue of the iron in your ships.”

Adamant is a (negative) and damao (to conquer). Pliny tells us there are six unbreakable stones (xxxvii. 15), but the classical adamas (gen. adamant—is) is generally supposed to mean the diamond. Diamond and adamant are originally the same word.

Adamastor

The spirit of the stormy Cape (Good Hope), described by Camoëns in the Lusiad as a hideous phantom. According to Barreto, he was one of the giants who invaded heaven.

Adamic Covenant

The covenant made with God to Adam, that “the seed of the woman should bruise the serpent's head” (Gen. iii. 15).

Adamites

(3 syl.) A sect of fanatics who spread themselves over Bohemia and Moravia in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. One Picard, of Bohemia, was the founder in 1400, and styled himself “Adam, son of God.” He professed to recall his followers to the state of primitive innocence. No clothes were worn, wives were in common, and there was no such thing as good and evil, but all actions were indifferent.

Adaran

according to the Parsee superstition, is a sacred fire less holy than that called Behram (q.v.).

Adays

Nowadays, at the present time (or day). So in Latin, Nunc dierum and Nunc temporis. The prefix “a"= at, of, or on. Simularly, anights, of late, on Sundays. All used adverbially.

Addison of the North

— i.e., Henry Mackenzie, the author of the Man of Feeling (1745——1831).

Addixit

or Addixerunt (Latin). All right. The word uttered by the augurs when the “birds” were favourable.

Addle

is the Old English adela (filth), hence rotten, putrid, worthless.

Addled egg, better “addle—egg,” a worthless egg. An egg which has not the vital principle.

Addle—headed, addle—pate, empty headed. As an addle—egg produces no living bird, so an addle—pate lack brains.

Addle Parliament (The) — 5th April to 7th June, 1614. So called because it did not pass one single measure. (See Parliament.)

Adelantado

A big—wig, the great boss of the place. It is a Spanish word for “his excellency” (adelantar , to excel), and is given to the governor of a province.

“Open no door. If the adelantado of Spain were here he should not enter.” — Ben Jonson: Every Man out of his Humour, v. 4.

Ademar

or Ademaro (in Jerusalem Delivered). Archbishop of Poggio, an ecclesiastical warrior, who with William, Archbishop of Orange, besought Pope Urban on his knees that he might be sent on the crusade. He took 400 armed men from Poggio, but they sneaked off during a drought, and left the crusade (Book xiii.). Ademar was not alive at the time, he had been slain at the attack on Antioch by Clorinda (Book xi.); but in the final attack on Jerusalem, his spirit came with three squadrons of angels to aid the besiegers (Book xviii.).

Adept

properly means one who has attained (from the Latin, adeptus, participle of adipiscor). The alchemists applied the term vere adeptus, to those persons who professed to have “attained to the knowledge of” the elixir of life or of the philosopher's stone.

Alchemists tell us there are always 11 adepts, neither more nor less. Like the sacred chickens of Compostella, of which there are only 2 and always 2 — a cock and a hen.

In Rosicrucian lore as learn'd

As he that vere adeptus earn'd.”

S. Butler: Hudibras.

Adessenarians

A term applied to those who hold the real presence of Christ's body in the eucharist, but do not maintain that the bread and wine lose any of their original properties. (The word is from the Latin adesse, to be present.)

Adeste Fideles

Composed by John Reading, who wrote “Dulcë Domum.” It is called the “Portuguese Hymn,” from being heard at the Portuguese Chapel by the Duke of Leeds, who supposed it to be a part of the usual Portuguese service.

Adfiliate, Adfiliation

The ancient Goths adopted the children of a former marriage, and put them on the same footing as those of the new family. (Latin, ad—filius, equal to a real son.)

Adha

al (the slit—eared). The swiftest of Mahomet's camels.

Adhab—al—Cabr

The first purgatory of the Mahometans.

Adiaphorists

Followers of Melanchthon; moderate Lutherans, who hold that some of the dogmas of Luther are matters of indifference. (Greek, adiaphoros, indifferent.)

Macaulay: Essay, Burleigh.

Adieu

good—bye. A Dieu, an elliptical form for I commend you to God. Good—bye is God be with ye.

Adissechen

The serpent with a thousand heads which sustains the universe. (Indian mythology.)

Adjective Colours

are those which require a mordant before they can be used as dyes.

Adjourn

Once written ajorn. French, à—journer, to put off to another day.

“He ajorned tham to relie in the North of Garlele.” — Longtoft: Chronicle, p.309.

Adjournment of the House

(See Moving the Adjournment.)

Admirable

(The) Aben—Ezra, a Spanish rabbi born at Toledo (1119——1174).

Admirable Crichton

(The) James Crichton (kry—ton). (1551——1573.)

Admirable Doctor

(Doctor admirabilis). Roger Bacon (1214——1292).

Admiral

corruption of Amir—al. Milton, speaking of Satan, says: —

“His spear (to equal which the tallest pine

Hewn on Norwegian hills, to be the mast

Of some tall amiral, were but a wand)

He walked with.”

Paradise Lost , i. 292.

The word was introduced by the Turks or Genoese in the twelfth century, and is the Arabic Amir with the article al (lord or commander); as Amir—al—ma (commander of the water), Amir—al—Omra (commander of the forces), Amir—al—Muminim (commander of the faithful).

English admirals used to be of three classes, according to the colour of their flag —

Admiral of the Red, used to hold the centre in an engagement. Admiral of the White, used to hold the van.

Admiral of the Blue, used to hold the rear.

The distinction was abolished in 1864; now all admirals carry the white flag.

Admirals are called Flag Officers.

Admiral of the Blue

A butcher who dresses in blue to conceal blood—stains. A tapster also is so called, from his blue apron. A play on the rear—admiral of the British navy, called “Admiral of the Blue (Flag).”

“As soon as customers begin to stir

The Admiral of the Blue cries, “Coming, Sir.”

Poor Robin, 1731

Admiral of the Red

A punning term applied to a wine—bibber whose face and nose are very red.

Admittance

Licence. Shakespeare says. “Sir John, you are a gentleman of excellent breeding, of great admittance” — i.e., to whom great freedom is allowed (Merry Wives, ii.2). The allusion is to an obsolete custom called admission, by which a prince avowed another prince to be under his protection. Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, was the “admittant” of the Emperor Napoleon III.

Admonitionists

or Admonitioners Certain Puritans who in 1571 sent an admonition to the Parliament condemning everything in the Church of England which was not in accordance with the doctrines and practices of Geneva.

Adolpha

Daughter of General Kleiner, governor of Prague and wife of Idenstein.

Her only fault was “excess of too sweet nature, which ever made another's grief her own.” — Knowles: Maid of Mariendorpt (1838).

Adonai

Son of the star—beam and god of light among the Rosicru cians. One of the names given by the Jews to Jehovah, for fear of breaking the command, “Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord [Jehovah] thy God in vain.”

Adonais

(4 syl.) The song about Adonis; Shelley's elegy on Keats is so called. See Bion's Lament for Adonis.

Adonies

Feasts of Adonis, celebrated in Assyria, Alexandria, Egypt, Judea, Persia, Cyprus, and all Greece, for eight days. Lucian gives a long description of them. In these feasts wheat, flowers, herbs, fruits, and

branches of trees were carried in procession, and thrown into the sea or some fountain.

Adonis

Abeautiful boy. The allusion is to Adonis, who was beloved by Venus, and was killed by a boar while hunting.

“Rose—cheeked Adonis hied him to the chase;

Hunting he loved; but love he laughed to scorn.

Sick—thoughted Venus makes amain unto him,

And, like a bold—faced suitor, gins to woo him.”

Shakespeare: Venus and Adonis.

Adonis of 50

Leigh Hunt was sent to prison for applying this term to George IV when Regent.

Adonis Flower

(The) according to Blon, is the rose; Pliny (i. 23) says it is the anemone; others say it is the field, poppy, certainly the prince of weeds; but what we now generally mean by the Adonis flower is pheasant's eye, called in French goute—de—sang, because in fable it sprang from the blood of the gored hunter.

“(Blood brings forth roses, tears anemone.) — Bion: Elegy on Adonis. See also Ovid: Metamorphoses, Bk. x., Fable 15.)

Adonis Garden

or A garden of Adonis (Greek). A worthless toy; a very perishable good. The allusion is to the fennel and lettuce jars of the ancient Greeks, called “Adonis gardens,” because these herbs were planted in them for the annual festival of the young huntsman, and thrown away the next morning. (1 Henry VI., i. 6.)

Adonis River

A river in Phoenicia, which always runs red at the season of the year when the feast of Adonis is held. The legend ascribes this redness to sympathy with the young hunter; others ascribe it to a sort of minimum, or red earth, which mixes with the water.

Thammuz came next behind,

Whose annual wound in Lebanon allured

The Syrian damsels to lament his fate

In amorous ditties all a summer's day,

While smooth Adonis from his native rock

Ran purple to the sea, supposed with blood

Of Thammuz yearly wounded.”

Milton: Paradise Lost , Book 1, line 445, etc.

Adonists

Those Jews who maintain that the proper vowels of the word Jehovah are unknown, and that the word is never to be pronounced Adonai. (Hebrew, adon, lord.)

Adoption

Adoption by arms. An ancient custom of giving arms to a person of merit, which laid him under the obligation of being your champion and defender.

Adoption by baptism. Being godfather or godmother to a child. The child by baptism is your godchild.

Adoption by hair. Cutting off your hair, and giving it to a person in proof that you receive him as your adopted father. Thus Boson, King of Arles, cut off his hair and gave it to Pope John VIII., who adopted him.

Adoption Controversy

Elipand, Archbishop of Toledo, and Felix, Bishop of Urgel, maintained that Jesus Christ in his human nature was the son of God by adoption only (Rom. viii. 29), though in his pre—existing

state he was the “begotten Son of God” in the ordinary catholic acceptation. Duns Scotus, Durandus, Calixtus, and others supported this view.

Adoptionist

A disciple of Elipand, Archbishop of Toledo, and Felix, Bishop of Urgel (in Spain), is so called.

Adore

(2 syl.) means to “carry to one's mouth” “to kiss” (ad—os, ad—orare). The Romans performed adoration by placing their right hand on their mouth and bowing. The Greeks paid adoration to kings by putting the royal robe to their lips. The Jews kissed in homage: thus God said to Elijah he had 7,000 in Israel who had not bowed unto Baal, “every mouth which hath not kissed him” (1 Kings xix. 18; see also Hos. xiii.

2). “Kiss the Son lest He be angry” (Psalm ii. 12), means worship, reverence the Son. Even in England we do homage by kissing the hand of the sovereign.

Adrammelech

God of the people of Sepharvaim, to whom infants were burnt in sacrifice (Kings xvii, 31). Probably the sun.

Adrastus

An Indian prince from the banks of the Ganges, who aided the King of Egypt against the crusaders. He wore a serpent's skin, and rode on an elephant. Adrastus was slain by Rinaldo. — Tasso: Jerusalem Delivered. Book xx.

Adrian

(St.) represented, in Christian art, with an anvil, and a sword or axe close by it. He had his limbs cut off on a smith's anvil, and was afterwards beheaded. St. Adrian is the patron saint of the Flemish brewers.

Adriel

in Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel, is meant for the Earl of Mulgrave.

“Sharp—judging Adriel, the muses' friend,

Himself a muse: in Sanbedrim's debate

True to his prince, but not a slave of state;

Whom David's love with honours did adorn,

That from his disobedient son were torn.”

Part I.

Adrift

I am all adrift. He is quite adrift. To turn one adrift. Sea phrases. A ship is said to be adrift when it has broken from its moorings, and is driven at random by the winds. To be adrift is to be wide of the mark, or not in the right course. To turn one adrift is to turn him from house and home to go his own way.

Adroit

properly means “to the right” (French, à droite). The French call a person who is not adroit gauche (left—handed), meaning awkward, boorish.

Adsidelta

The table at which the flamens sat during sacrifice.

Adullamites

(4 syl.) The adherents of Lowe and Horsman, seceders in 1866 from the Reform Party. John Bright said of these members that they retired to the cave of Adullam, and tried to gather round them all the discontented. The allusion is to David in his flight from Saul, who “escaped to the cave Adullam; and every one that was in distress, and every one that was in debt, and every one that was discontented, gathered themselves unto him” (1 Sam. xxii. 1, 2).

Advauncer

The second branches of a stag's horn.

“In a hart the main horne itself they call the beame. The lowest antlier is called the brow—antlier; the next, roial ; the next that, surroial; and then the top.

“In a buck, they say bur, beame, braunch, advauncers, palme, and speilers.” — Marwood: Forest Lawes.

Advent

Four weeks to commemorate the first and second coming of Christ; the first to redeem, and the second to judge the world. The season begins on St. Andrew's Day, or the Sunday nearest to it. (Latin, ad—ventus, the coming to.)

Adversary

(The). Satan. (1 Pet. v. 8.)

Advocate (An) means one called to assist clients in a court of law. (Latin, advocare.)

The Devil's Advocate . One who brings forward malicious accusations. When any name is proposed for canonisation in the Roman Catholic Church, two advocates are appointed, one to oppose the motion and one to defend it. The former, called Advocatus Diaboli (the Devil's Advocate), advances all he can against the person in question, the latter, called Advocatus Dei (God's Advocate), says all he can in support of the proposal.

Advocates' Library

in Edinburgh, founded 1682, is one of the five libraries to which copyright books are sent. (See Copyright.)

Advowson

means the right of appointing the incumbent of a church or ecclesiastical benefice. In mediæval times the “advocacy” or patronage of bishoprics and abbeys was frequently in the hands of powerful nobles, who often claimed the right to appoint in the event of a vacancy; hence the word (from Latin, advocatio, the office of a patron).

A presentative advowson is when the patron presents to the bishop a person to whom he is willing to give the place of preferment.

A collative advowson is when the bishop himself is patron, and collates his client without any intermediate person.

A donative advowson is where the Crown gives a living to a clergyman without presentation, institution, or induction. This is done when a church or chapel has been founded by the Crown, and is not subject to the ordinary.

Advowson in gross is an advowson separated from the manor, and belonging wholly to the owner. While attached to the manor it is an advowson appendant. “Gross” (French) means absolute, entire; thus gross weight is the entire weight without deductions. A villain in gross was a villain the entire property of his master, and not attached to the land. A common in gross is one which is entirely your own, and which belongs to the manor.

Sale of Advowsons. When lords of manors built churches upon their own demesnes, and endowed them, they became private property, which the lord might give away or even sell, under certain limitations. These livings are called Advowsons appendant, being appended to the manor. After a time they became regular “commercial property,” and we still see the sale of some of them in the public journals.

Adytum

The Holy of Holies in the Greek and Roman temples, into which the general public were not admitted. (Greek, a—duton = not to be entered; duo, to go.)

Ædiles

(2 syl.) Those who, in ancient Rome, had charge of the public buildings (ædes), such as the temples, theatres, baths, aqueducts, sewers, including roads and streets also.

Ægeus

(2 syl.) A fabulous king of Athens who gave name to the Ægean Sea. His son, Theseus, went to Crete to deliver Athens from the tribute exacted by Minos. Theseus said, if he succeeded he would hoist a white sail on his home—voyage, as a signal of his safety. This he neglected to do; and Ægeus, who watched the ship from a rock, thinking his son had perished, threw himself into the sea.

This incident has been copied in the tale of Sir Tristram and Ysolde. Sir Tristram being severely wounded in Brittany, sent for Ysolde to come and see him before he died. He told his messenger, if Ysolde consented to come to hoist a white flag. Sir Tristram's wife told him the ship was in sight with a black flag at the helm,

whereupon Sir Tristram bowed his head and died. [TRISTRAM.]

Æginetan Sculptures

Sculptures excavated by a company of Germans, Danes, and English (1811), in the little island of Ægina. They were purchased by Ludwig, Crown Prince of Bavaria, and are now the most remarkable ornaments of the Glyptothek, at Münich.

Ægir

God of the ocean, whose wife is Rana. They had nine daughters, who wore white robes and veils (Scandinavian mythology). These daughters are the billows, etc. The word means “to flow.”

Ægis

The shield of Jupiter made by Vulcan was so called, and symbolised “Divine protection.” The shield of Minerva was called an ægis also. The shield of Jupiter was covered with the skin of the goat Amalthæa, and the Greek for goat is, in the genitive case, aigos. The ægis made by Vulcan was of brass.

I throw my ægis over you , I give you my protection.

Ægrotat

To sport an ægrotat. In university parlance, an ægrotat is a medical certificate of indisposition to exempt the bearer from attending chapel and college lectures.

A E I

(A — i), a common motto on jewellery, means “for ever and for aye.” (Greek.)

Ælurus

The cat. An Egyptian deity held in the greatest veneration. Herodotus (ii. 66) tells us that Diana, to avoid being molested by the giants, changed herself into a cat. The deity used to be represented with a cat's head on a human body. (Greek, ailouros. a cat.)

Æmillian Law

Made by Æmilius Mamercus the prætor. It enjoined that the oldest priest should drive a nail every year into the capitol on the ides of September (September 5).

Æmonia Æmonian

(HÆMONIA HÆMONIAN).

Æneas

The hero of Virgil's epic. He carried his father Anchises on his shoulders from the flames of Troy. After roaming about for many years, he came to Italy, where he founded a colony which the Romans claim as their origin. The epithet applied to him is pius = pious, dutiful.

Æneid

The epic poem of Virgil, (in twelve books). So called from Æneas and the suffix —is, plur. ides (belonging to).

“The story of Sinon,” says Macrobius, “and the taking of Troy is borrowed from Pisander “The loves of Dido and Æneas are taken from those of Medea and Jason, in Apollonius of Rhodes.

“The story of the Wooden Horse and burning of Troy is from Arctinus of Miletus.”

Æolic Digamma

An ancient Greek letter (F), sounded like our w. Thus oinos with the digamma was sounded woinos; whence the Latin vinum, our wine. Gamma, or g, hence digamma = double g.

Æolic Mode

in music, noted for its simplicity, fit for ballads and songs. The Phrygian Mode was for religious music, as hymns and anthems.

Æolus

in Roman mythology, was “god of the winds.”

Æolian harp. The wind—harp. A box on which strings are stretched. Being placed where a draught gets to the strings, they utter musical sounds.

Æon (Greek, aion), eternity, an immeasurable length of time; any being that is eternal. Basilides reckons there have been 365 such æons, or gods; but Valentinius restricts the number to 30. Sometimes written “eon.”

In geology each series of rocks covers an æon, or an indefinite and immeasurable period of time.

Æra

[ERA.]

Aërated Bread

Bread made light by means of carbonic acid gas instead of leaven.

Aërated Water

Water impregnated with carbonic acid gas, called fixed air.

Aerians

Followers of Aerius, who maintained that there is no difference between bishops and priests.

Æschylus

the most sublime of the Greek tragic poets. He wrote 90 plays, only 7 of which are now extant. Æschylus was killed by a tortoise thrown by an eagle (to break the shell) against his bald head, which it mistook for a stone (B.C. 535——456). See Horace, Ars Poetica, 278.

Pronounce Ees—ke—lus.

Æschylus of France

Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon. (1674——1762.)

Æsculapius

The Latin form of the Greek word Asklepios, the god of medicine and of healing. Now used for “a medical practitioner.”

Æsir

plural of As or Asa, the celestial gods of Scandinavia, who lived in Asgard (god's ward), situate on the heavenly hills between earth and the rainbow. The chief was Odin. We are told that there were twelve, but it would be hard to determine who the twelve are, for, like Arthur's knights, the number seems variable. The following may be mentioned: — (1) Odin; (2) Thor (his eldest son, the god of thunder); (3) Tyr (another son, the god of wisdom); (4) Baldur (another son, the Scandinavian Apollo); (5) Bragi (the god of eloquence); (6) Vidar (god of silence); (7) Hödur the blind (Baldur's twin brother); (8) Hermod (Odin's son and messenger);

(9) Hoenir (divine intelligence); (10) Odur (husband of Freyja, the Scandinavian Venus); (11) Loki (the god of mischief, though not an asa, lived in Asgard); (12) Vali (Odin's youngest son); another of Odin's sons was Kvasir the keen—sighted. Then there were the Vanir, or gods of air, ocean, and water; the gods of fire; the gods of the Lower World; and the Mysterious Three, who sat on three thrones above the rainbow. Their names were Har (the perfect), the Like—perfect, and the Third person.

Wives of the Æsir: Odin's wife was Frigga; Thor's wife was Sif (beauty); Baldur's wife was Nanna (daring); Bragi's wife was Iduna; Odur's wife was Freyja (the Scandinavian Venus); Loki's wife was Siguna.

The Æsir built Asgard themselves, but each god had his own private mansion. That of Odin was Gladsheim; but his wife Frigga had also her private abode, named Fensalir; the mansion of Thor was Bilskirnir; that of Baldur was Broadblink; that of Odur's wife was Folkbang; of Vidar was Landvidi (wide land); the private abode of the goddesses generally was Vingolf.

The refectory or banquet hall of the Æsir was called Valhalla.

Niörd, the water—god, was not one of the Æsir, but chief of the Vanir; his son was Frey; his daughter, Freyja (the Scandinavian Venus); his wife was Skadi; and his home, Noatun.

Æson's Bath

Sir Thomas Browne (Religio Medici, p. 67) rationalises this into “hair—dye.” The reference is to Medea renovating Æson, father of Jason, with the juices of a concoction made of sundry articles. After Æson had imbibed these juices, Ovid says: —

“Barba comæque,

Canitie posita, nigrum rapuere, colorem.”

Metamorphoses, vii. 288.

Æsonian Hero

(The). Jason, who was the son of Æson.

Æsop's Fables

were compiled by Babrios, a Greek, who lived in the Alexandrian age.

Æsop, a Phrygian slave, very deformed, and the writer of fables. He was contemporary with Pythagoras, about

B.C. 570.

Almost all Greek and Latin fables are ascribed to Æsop, as all our Psalms are ascribed to David. The Latin fables of Phædrus are supposed to be translations of Æsopian fables.

Æsop of Arabia. Lokman (?). Nasser, who lived in the fifth century, is generally called the “Arabian Æsop.”

Æsop of England. John Gay. (1688——1732.)

Æsop of France. Jean de la Fontaine. (1621——1695.)

Æsop of Germany, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. (1729——1781.)

Æsop of India. Bidpay or Pilpay. (About three centuries before the Christian era.)

Aetites

(3 syl.) Eagle —— stones. (Greek, aetos, an eagle.) Hollow stones composed of several crusts, one within another. Supposed at one time to form part of an eagle's nest. Pliny mentions them. Kirwan applies the name to clay ironstones having a globular crust of oxide investing an ochreous kernel. Mythically, they are supposed to have the property of detecting theft.

Ætolian Hero

(The).Diomede, who was king of Ætolia. Ovid.

Affable means “one easy to be spoken to.” (Latin, ad fari, to speak to.)

Affect

To love, to desire. (Latin, affecto.)

“Some affect the light, and some the shade.” Blair: Grave.

l'Affection aveugle raison

(French).

Cassius says to Brutus, “A friendly eye could never see such faults.” “L'esprit est presque toujours la dupe du coeur.” (La Rochefoucauld: Maximes.)

Again, “a mother thinks all her geese are swans.”

Italian: A ogni grolla paion belli i suoi grollatini. Ad ogni uccello, suo nido è bello.

French: A chaque oiseau son nid parait beau.

Latin: Asinus asino, sus sui, pulcher. Sua cuique res est carissima.

Affront

properly means to stand front to front. In savage nations opposing armies draw up front to front before they begin hostilities, and by grimaces, sounds, words, and all conceivable means, try to provoke and terrify their vis—à—vis. When this “affronting” is over, the adversaries rush against each other, and the fight begins in earnest.

Affront. A salute; a coming in front of another to salute.

“Only, sir, this I must caution you of, in your affront, or salute, never to move your hat.” — Green: Tu Quoque, vii. 95.

Afraid

He who trembles to hear a leaf fall should keep out of the wood. This is a French proverb: “Qui a peur de feuilles, ne doit aller au bois.” Our corresponding English proverb is, “He who fears scars shouldn't go the wars.” The timid should not voluntarily expose themselves to danger.

“Little boats should keep near shore,

Larger ones may venture more.”

Africa

Teneo te, Africa (I take possession of thee, O Africa). When Cæsar landed at Adrumetum, in Africa, he tripped and fell — a bad omen; but, with wonderful presence of mind, he pretended that he had done so intentionally, and kissing the soil, exclaimed, “Thus do I take possession of thee, O Africa.” Told also of Scipio. (See Don Quixote, Pt. II. Bk. vi. ch.6.)

Africa semper aliquid novi affert. “Africa is always producing some novelty.” A Greek proverb quoted (in Latin) by Pliny, in allusion to the ancient belief that Africa abounded in strange monsters.

African Sisters

(The) The Hesperides (4 syl.) who lived in Africa. They were the daughters of Atlas.

Afriet

or “Afrit.” The beau ideal of what is terrible and monstrous in Arabian superstition. A sort of ghoul or demon. Solomon, we are told, once tamed an Afrit, and made it submissive to his will.

Aft

The hinder part of a ship.

Fore and Aft. The entire length (of a ship), from stem to stern.

After—cast

A throw of dice after the game is ended; anything done too late.

“Ever he playeth an after—cast

Of all that he shall say or do.”

Gower.

After—clap

Beware of after—claps. An after—clap is a catastrophe or threat after an affair is supposed to be over. It is very common in thunderstorms to hear a “clap” after the rain subsides, and the clouds break.

“What plaguy mischief and mishaps

Do dog him still with after—claps.”

Butler: Hudibras, Pt. i. 3.

After Meat, Mustard

In Latin, “Post bellum, auxilium.” We have also, “After death, the doctor,” which is the German, “Wann der kranke ist todt, so kommt der arztnei” (when the patient's dead, comes the physic). To the same effect is “When the steed is stolen, lock the stable door.” Meaning, doing a thing, or offering service when it is too late, or when there is no longer need thereof.

After us, the Deluge

“I care not what happens when I am dead and gone.” So said Mdme. de Pompadour, the mistress of Louis XV. (1722——1764). Metternich, the Austrian statesman (1773——1859), is credited with the same: but probably he simply quoted the words of the French marchioness.

Aft—meal

An extra meal; a meal taken after and in addition to the ordinary meals.

“At aft—meals who shall pay for the wine?” Thynne: Debate.

Agag

in Dryden's satire of Absalom and Achitophel, is meant for Sir Edmondbury Godfrey, the magistrate before whom Titus Oates made his declaration, and was afterwards found barbarously murdered in a ditch near Primrose Hill.

Agag was hewed to pieces by Samuel (1 Sam. xv.).

“And Corah (Titus Oates) might for Agag's murder call

In terms as coarse as Samuel used to Saul.”

1.675——6.

Agamarshana

A passage of the Veda, the repetition of which will purify the soul like absolution after confession.

Agamemnon

King of Argos, in Greece, and commander—in—chief of the allied Greeks who went to the siege of Troy. The fleet being delayed by adverse winds at Aulis, Agamemnon sacrificed his daughter Iphigenia to Diana, and the winds became at once favourable. — Homer's Iliad.

“Till Agamemnon's daughter's blood.

Appeased the gods that them withstood.”

Earl of Surrey.

His brother was Menelaos.

His Daughters were Iphigenia, Electra, Iphianassa, and Chrysothemis (Sophocles). He was Grandson of Pelops.

He was killed in a bath by his wife Clytemnestra, after his return from Troy.

His son was Orestes, who slew his mother for murdering his father, and was called Agamemnònides.

His wife was Clytemnestra, who lived in adultery with Egistheus. At Troy he fell in love with Cassandra, a daughter of King Priam.

Vixere fortes ante Agamemnona (“there are hills beyond Pentland, and fields beyond Forth"), i.e. , we are not to suppose that our own age or locality monopolises all that is good. — Hor. Od. iv. 9, 25. We might add, et post Agamemnona vivent.

“Great men there lived ere Agamemnon came,

And after him will others rise to fame.”

E.C.B.

Aganice

(4 syl.) or Aglaonice, the Thessalian, being able to calculate eclipses, she pretended to have the moon under her command, and to be able when she chose to draw it from heaven. Her secret being found out, her vaunting became a laughing—stock, and gave birth to the Greek proverb cast at braggarts, “Yes, as the Moon obeys Aganice.”

Aganippe

(4 syl.) A fountain of Boeotia at the foot of Mount Helicon, dedicated to the Muses, because it had the virtue of imparting poetic inspiration. From this fountain the Muses are called Aganippedes (5 syl.) or Aganippides (5 syl.).

Agape

(3 syl.) A love—feast. The early Christians held a love—feast before or after communion, when contributions were made for the poor. These feasts became a scandal, and were condemned at the Council of

Carthage, 397. (Greek, agape, love.)

Agapemone

(5 syl.). A somewhat disreputable association of men and women living promiscuously on a common fund, which existed for a time at Charlynch, near Bridgewater, in Somersetshire. (Greek, agape, love.)

Agape tæ

Women under vows of virginity, who undertook to attend the monks. (The word is Greek, and means beloved.)

Agate

(2 syl.) So called, says Pliny (xxxvii. 10), from Achates or Gagates, a river in Sicily, near which it is found in abundance.

“These, these are they, if we consider well,

That saphirs and the diamonds doe excell,

The pearle, the emerauld, and the turkesse bleu,

The sanguine corrall, amber's golden hiew,

The christall, jacinth, achate, ruby red.”

Taylor: The Waterspout (1630).

Agate is supposed to render a person invisible, and to turn the sword of foes against themselves.

Agate

A very diminutive person. Shakespeare speaks of Queen Mab as no bigger than an agate—stone on the forefinger of an alderman.

“I was never manned with an agate till now.” Shakespeare: 2 Hen. IV.i.2.

Agatha

Daughter of Cuno, the ranger, in love with Max, to whom she is to be married, provided he carries off the prize in the annual trial—shot. She is in danger of being shot by Max unwittingly, but is rescued by a hermit, and becomes the bride of the young huntsman. — Weber's Opera of Der Freischütz.

Agatha

(St.) Represented in Christian art with a pair of shears, and holding in her hand a salver, on which her breasts are placed. The reference is to her martyrdom, when her breasts were cut off by a pair of shears.

Agave

(3 syl.) or “American aloe,” from the Greek, agauos, admirable. The Mexicans plant fences of Agave round their wigwams, as a defence against wild beasts. The Mahometans of Egypt regard it as a charm and religious symbol; and pilgrims to Mecca indicate their exploit by hanging over the door of their dwelling a leaf of Agave, which has the further charm of warding off evil spirits. The Jews in Cairo attribute a similar virtue to the plant, every part of which is utilised.

Agdistes

(self—indulgence). The god who kept the porch of the “Bower of Bliss.” He united in his own person the two sexes, and sprang from the stone Agdus, parts of which were taken by Deucalion and Pyrrha to cast over their shoulders, after the flood, for re—peopling the world. (Spenser: Faëric Queene, book ii, 12.)

Ag—dis—tes in 3 syl.

Age as accords

(To). To do what is fit and right (Scotch law term). Here “Age” is from the Latin agere, to do.

“To set about the matter in a regular manner, or, as he termed it ... to “age as accords.”” — Sir

W. Scott: Redgauntlet, chap. 2.

Age of Animals.

An old Celtic rhyme, put into modern English, says:

“Thrice the age of a dog is that of a horse;

Thrice the age of a horse is that of a man;

Thrice the age of a man is that of a deer;

Thrice the age of a deer is that of an eagle.”

Age of Women

(The). Though many women are mentioned in the Bible, the age of only one (Sarah, Abraham's wife) is recorded, and that to show at her advanced age she would become the mother of Isaac.

“Elizabeth, the mother of the Baptist,” we are told by St. Luke, “was well—stricken in age.”

Age of the Bishops

(The). The ninth century. (Hallam: Middle Ages.)

Age of the Popes

(The). The twelfth century. (Hallam: Middle Ages.)

Age hoc

“Attend to this.” In sacrifice the Roman crier perpetually repeated these words to arouse attention. In the “Common Prayer Book" the attention of the congregation is frequently aroused by the exhortation, “Let us pray,” though nearly the whole service is that of prayer.

Ages

Varro (Fragments, p. 219, Scaliger's edition, 1623) recognises three ages: —

(1) From the beginning of mankind to the Deluge, a time wholly unknown.

(2) From the Deluge to the First Olympiad, called the mythical period.

(3) From the first olympiad to the present time, called the historic period.

Titian symbolised the three ages of man thus: —

(1) An infant in a cradle.

(2) A shepherd playing a flute.

(3) An old man meditating on two skulls.

According to Lucretius also, there are three ages, distinguished by the materials employed in implements (v. 1282), viz.:

(1) The age of stone, when celts or implements of stone were employed.

(2) The age of bronze, when implements were made of copper or brass.

(3) The age of iron, when implements were made of iron, as at present.

Hesiod names five ages, viz.: —

The Golden or patriarchal, under the care of Saturn.

The Silver or voluptuous, under the care of Jupiter.

The Brazen or warlike, under the care of Neptune.

The Heroic or renaissant, under the care of Mars.

The Iron or present, under the care of Pluto.

The present is sometimes called the wire age, from its telegraphs, by means of which well—nigh the whole earth is in intercommunication.

Fichte names five ages also: the ante—diluvian, post—diluvian, Christian, satanic, and millennian.

Agelasta The stone on which Ceres rested when worn down by fatigue in searching for her daughter. (Greek, joyless.)

Agenorides

(5 syl.) Cadmos, who was the son of Agenor.

Agent

Is man a free agent ? This is a question of theology, which has long been mooted. The point is this: If God fore—ordains all our actions, they must take place as he fore—ordains them, and man acts as a watch or clock; but if, on the other hand, man is responsible for his actions, he must be free to act as his inclination leads him. Those who hold the former view are called necessitarians; those who hold the latter, libertarians.

Agglutinate Languages

The Turanian family of languages are so called because every syllable is a word, and these are glued together to form other words, and may be unglued so as to leave the roots distinct, as

“inkstand.”

Aghast

Frightened, as by a ghost; from Anglo—Saxon gást, a ghost.

Agio

The percentage of charge made for the exchange of paper money into cash. (Italian).

“The profit is called by the Italians aggio.”—Scarlett.

Agis

King of Sparta, who tried to deliver Greece from the Macedonian yoke, and was slain in the attempt.

“To save a rotten state, Agis, who saw

E'en Sparta's self to servile avarice sink.”

Thompson: Winter, 488——9.

Agist

To take the cattle of another to graze at a certain sum. The feeding of these beasts is called agistment. The words are from the Norman agiser (to be levant and couchant, rise up and lie down), because, says Coke, beasts are levant and couchant whilst they are on the land.

Agla

A cabalistic name of God, formed from the initial letters of Attâh, Gibbor, Leholâm, Adonâi (Thou art strong for ever, O Lord !). (See Notarica.)

Aglaos

The poorest man in Arcadia, pronounced by Apollo to be far happier than Gyges, because he was “contented with his lot.”

“Poor and content is rich and rich enough;

But riches endless are as poor as winter

To him who ever fears he shall be poor.”

Shakespeare: Othello iii. 3.

Agnes

She is an Agnes (elle fait l'Agnès) — i.e., she is a sort of female “Verdant Green,” who is so unsophisticated that she does not even know what love means. It is a character in Molière's L'école des Femmes.

Agnes

(St.) is represented by Domenichino as kneeling on a pile of fagots, the fire extinguished, and the executioner about to slay her with the sword. The introduction of a lamb (agnus) is a modern innovation, and play on the name. St. Agnes is the patron of young virgins.

“St. Agnes was first tied to a stake, but the fire of the stakes went out; whereupon Aspasius, set to watch the martyrdom, drew his sword, and cut off her head.”

Agnes' Day

(St.), 21st January. Upon St. Agnes' night, you take a row of pins, and pull out every one, one after another. Saying a pater—noster, stick a pin in your sleeve, and you will dream of him or her you shall marry. — Aubrey: Miscellany, p. 136.

Agnoites

(3 syl.) Ag—no—ites, or Ag—no—i—tæ (4 syl.).

(1) Certain heretics in the fourth century who said “God did not know everything.”

(2) Another sect, in the sixth century, who maintained that Christ “did not know the time of the day of judgment.”

Agnostic

(An). A term invented by Prof. Huxley in 1885 to indicate the mental attitude of those who withhold their assent to whatever is incapable of proof, such as the absolute. In regard to miracles and revelation, agnostics neither dogmatically accept nor reject such matters, but simply say Agnosco — I do not know — they are not capable of proof.

Agnus—castus A shrub of the Vitex tribe, called agnos (chaste) by the Greeks, because the Athenian ladies, at the feast of Ceres, used to strew their couches with vitex leaves, as a palladium of chastity. The monks, mistaking agnos (chaste) for agnus (a lamb), but knowing the use made of the plant, added castus to explain its character, making it chaste—lamb. (For another similar blunder, see I.H.S.)

Agnus Dei

A cake of wax or dough stamped with the figure of a lamb supporting the banner of the Cross, and distributed by the Pope on the Sunday after Easter as an amulet. Our Lord is called Agnus Dei (the Lamb of God). There is also a prayer so called, because it begins with the words, Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi(O Lamb of God, that takest away the sins of the world).

Agog

He is all agog, in nervous anxiety; on the qui vive, like a horse in clover. (French, à gogo, or vivre à gogo, to live in clover.)

Agonistes

(4 syl.). Samson Agonistes (the title of Milton's drama) means Samson wrestling with adversity — Samson combating with trouble. (Greek, agonizomai, to combat, to struggle.)

Agonistics

A branch of the Donatists of Africa who roamed from town to town affirming they were ministers of justice. The Greek agon (an assembly) = the Latin nundinæ, days when the law—courts were opened, that country people might go and get their law—suits settled.

Agony

properly means contention in the athletic games; and to agonise is the act of contending. (Greek, agon, a game of contest, as well as a “place of assembly").

Agony, meaning “great pain,” is the wrestle with pain or struggle with suffering.

Agony Column

of a newspaper. A column containing advertisements of missing relatives and friends; indicating great distress of mind in the advertiser.

Agrarian Law

from the Latin ager (land), is a law for making land the common property of a nation, and not the particular property of individuals. In a modified form, it means a redistribution of land, giving to each citizen a portion.

Agrimony

The older spelling was Argemony, and Pliny calls it argemonia, from the Greek argemos, a white speck on the eye, which this plant was supposed to cure.

Ague

(A cure for) (See Homer.)

Ague—cheek

Sir Andrew Aguecheek, a straight—haired country squire, stupid even to silliness, self—conceited, living to eat, and wholly unacquainted with the world of fashion. The character is in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.

Agur's Wish

(Prov. xxx. 8). “Give me neither riches nor poverty.”

Ahasuerus

or Ahashverosh. A title common to several Persian kings. The three mentioned in the Bible are supposed to be Cyaxares (Dan. xi. l); Xerxes (Esther); and Cambyses (Ezra iv. 6).

An alabaster vase found at Halicarnassus gives four renderings of the name Xerxes, viz., Persian, Khshayarsha; and the Greek, Xerxes; the Sanskrit root Kshi means “to rule,” Kshathra (Zend Ksathra), a king.

Ahead The wind's ahead — i.e., blows in the direction towards which the ship's head points; in front. If the wind blows in the opposite direction (i.e., towards the stern) it is said to be astern. When one ship is ahead of another, it is before it, or further advanced. “Ahead of his class,” means at the head. Ahead in a race, means before the rest of the runners.

To go ahead is to go on without hesitation, as a ship runs ahead of another.

Ahithophel

or Achitophel A treacherous friend and adviser. Ahithophel was David's counsellor, but joined Absalom in revolt, and advised him “like the oracle of God” (2 Sam. xvi. 20——23). In Dryden's political satire, Achitophel stands for the Earl of Shaftesbury. (See Achitophel.)

Ahmed

(Prince). Noted for the tent given him by the fairy Pari—banou, which would cover a whole army, but might be carried in one's pocket; and for the apple of Samarcand, which would cure all diseases. — Arabian Nights, Prince Ahmed, etc.

This tent coincides in a marvellous manner with the Norse ship called Skidbladnir (q.v.). (See Solomon's Carpet.)

Aholibah

(Ezek. xxiii. 4, 11, etc.). The personification of prostitution. Used by the prophet to signify religious adultery or harlotry. (See Harlot.)

“The great difficulty in exposing the immoralities of this Aholibah is that her [acts] are so revolting.” — Papers on the Social Evil, 1885.

Aholibamah

A granddaughter of Cain, loved by the seraph Samiasa. She is a proud, ambitious, queen—like beauty, a female type of Cain. When the flood came, her angel—lover carried her under his wings to some other planet. — Byron: Heaven and Earth.

Ahriman

or Ahrimanes The principle or angel of darkness and evil in the Magian system. (See Ormusd.)

“I recognise the evil spirit, sir, and do honour to Ahrimanes in this young man.” — Thackeray.

Aide toi et le Ciel taidera

(God will help those who help themselves). The party—motto of a political society of France, established in 1824. The object of the society was, by agitation and the press, to induce the middle classes to resist the Government. Guizot was at one time its president, and Le Globe and Le National its organs. This society which doubtless aided in bringing about the Revolution of 1830, was dissolved in 1832.

Aigrette

(2 syl.) A lady's headdress, consisting of feathers or flowers. The French call the down of thistles and dandelions, as well as the tuft of birds, aigrette.

Aim

To give aim, to stand aloof. A term in archery, meaning to stand within a convenient distance from the butts, to give the archers information how near their arrows fall to the mark aimed at.

“But, gentle people, give me aim a while.

For nature puts me to a heavy task;

Stand all aloof.” Shakespeare: Titus Andronicus, v. 3.

To cry aim. To applaud, encourage. In archery it was customary to appoint certain persons to cry aim, for the sake of encouraging those who were about to shoot.

“All my neighbours shall cry aim.”

Shakespeare: Merry Wives of Windsor , iii. 2.

Aim—crier

An abettor, one who encourages. In archery, the person employed to “cry aim.” (See above.)

“Thou smiling aim—crier at princes' fall.” English Arcadia.

Air

an element. Anaxagoras held air to be the primary form of matter.

Aristotle gives Fire, Air, Earth, and Water as the four elements.

Air

a manner, as “the air of the court,” the “air of gentility;” “a good air” (manner, deportment) means the pervading habit.

Air

in music, is that melody which predominates and gives its character to the piece.

Air one's opinions

(To). To state opinions without having firmly based them on proper data. To let them fly loose, like a caged bird.

To ventilate an opinion means to suggest for the purpose of having it duly tested. A conceited man airs his opinions, a discreet one ventilates them, as corn when it is winnowed; and the chaff is blown off.

Air—brained

Giddy, heedless. This word is now generally spelt “hare—brained;” but, by ancient authors, hair—brained. In C. Thomson's Autobiography it is spelt “Air—brained,” which seems plausible.

Air—line

signifies (in the United States) the most direct and shortest possible route between two given places, as the Eastern and Western Air—line Railway.

Air—ship

(An) A balloon.

“Presently a north—easterly current of wind struck the air—ship, and it began to move with great velocity upon a horizontal line.” — Max Adeler: The Captain's MS.

Air—throne

Odin's throne in Gladsheim. His palace was in Asgard.

Airs

To give oneself mighty airs: to assume, in manner, appearance, and tone, a superiority to which you have no claim. The same as Air, manner (q.v.).

The plural is essential in this case to take it out of the category of mere eccentricity, or to distinguish it from “air” in the sense of deportment, as “he had a fine, manly air,” “in air was that of a gentleman.” Air, in the singular, being generally complimentary, but “airs” in the plural always conveying censure. In Italian, we find the phrase, Si da dell árie.

Aïrapadam

The white elephant, one of the eight which, according to Indian mythology, sustain the earth.

Aisle

(pronounce ile) The north and south wings of a church. Latin, ala (axilla, ascella), through the French, aile, a wing. In German the nave of a church is schiff, and the aisle flügel (a wing). In some church documents the aisles are called alleys (walks), and hence the nave is still sometimes called the “middle aisle” or alley. The choir of Lincoln Cathedral used to be called the “Chanters' alley;” and Olden tells us that when he came to be churchwarden, in 1638, he made the Puritans “come up the middle alley on their knees to the raile.”

Aitch—bone

of beef. Corruption of “Naitch—bone,” i.e. the haunch—bone (Latin, nates, a haunch or buttock).

Similarly, “an apron” is a corruption of a napperon; “an adder” is a corruption of a nadder (Old Eng., næddre). In other words, we have reversed the order; thus “a net” is an ewt , “a nag” is an ög (Danish). Latin, eq [uus ], a horse.

Ajax

the Greater. King of Salamis, a man of giant stature, daring, and self—confident. Generally called Telamon Ajax, because he was the son of Telamon. When the armour of Hector was awarded to Ulysses instead of to himself, he turned mad from vexation and stabbed himself. — Homer's Iliad, and later poets.

Ajax the Less Son of Oïleus (3 syl.), King of Locris, in Greece. The night Troy was taken, he offered violence to Cassandra, the prophetic daughter of Priam; in consequence of which his ship was driven on a rock, and he perished at sea. — Homer's Iliad, and later poets.

“Ipsa (Juno), Jovis rapidum jaculata e nubibus ignem,

Disjecitque rates, evertitque æquora ventis;

Illum (Ajax) expirantem transfixo pectore flammas

Turbine corripuit, scopuloque infixit acuto.”

Virgil: Æneid, i. 42, etc.

Akbar

An Arabic word, meaning “Very Great.” Akbar—Khan, the “very great Khan,” is applied especially to the Khan of Hindûstan who reigned 1556——1605.

Akuan

the giant whom Rustan slew. (Persian mythology).

Akuman

The most malevolent of all the Persian gods.

Alabama

U. S. America. The name of an Indian tribe of the Mississippi Valley, meaning “here we rest.”

Alabaster

A stone of great purity and whiteness used for ornaments. So called from “Alabastron,” in Upper Egypt, where it abounds.

Aladdin

in the Arabian Nights' Tales, obtains a magic lamp, and a has splendid palace built by the genius of the lamp. He marries the daughter of the sultan of China, loses his lamp, and his palace is transported to Africa. Sir Walter Scott says, somewhat incorrectly. —

“Vanished into air like the palace of Aladdin.”

The palace did not vanish into air, but was transported to another place.

Aladdin's Lamp

The source of wealth and good fortune. After Aladdin came to his wealth and was married, he suffered his lamp to hang up and get rusty.

“It was impossible that a family, holding a document which gave them access to the most powerful noblemen in Scotland, should have suffered it to remain unemployed, like Aladdin's rusty lamp.” — Senior.

Aladdin's Ring

given him by the African magician, was a “preservative against every evil.” — Arabian Nights: Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp.

Aladdin's Window

To finish Aladdin's Window — i.e. to attempt to complete something begun by a great genius, but left imperfect. The genius of the lamp built a palace with twenty—four windows, all but one being set in frames of precious stones; the last was left for the sultan to finish; but after exhausting his treasures, the sultan was obliged to abandon the task as hopeless.

Tait's second part of Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel is an Aladdin's Window.

Aladine

(3 syl.) The sagacious but cruel old king of Jerusalem in Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered, book xx. This is a fictitious character, inasmuch as the Holy Land was at the time under the dominion of the caliph of Egypt. Aladine was slain by Raymond.

Alako Son of Baro—Devel, the great god of the gipsies. The gipsies say that he will ultimately restore them to Assas in Assyria, their native country. The image of Alako has a pen in his left hand and a sword in his right.

Alans

Large dogs, of various species, used for hunting deer.

“Skins of animals slain in the chase were stretched on the ground ... and upon a heap of these lay 3 alans, as they were called, i.e. wolf greyhounds of the largest size.” — Sir W. Scott: The Talisman , chap. vi.

Alarcon

King of Barca, who joined the armament of Egypt against the Crusaders. His men were only half armed. — Jerusalem Delivered.

Alarm

An outcry made to give notice of danger. (Italian, all' arme, “to arms;” French, alarme.)

Alarum Bell

In feudal times a 'larum bell was rung in the castle in times of danger to summon the retainers to arms. A variant of alarm (q.v. ).

“Awake! awake!

Ring the alarum bell! Murder and treason!”

Shakespeare: Macbeth, ii. 3.

Alasnam

Alasnam's lady. In the Arabian Nights' Tales Alasnam has eig